The 2008 US Election Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The 2008 US Election - Assignment Example The United States of America for the most part complete races after like clockwork. In any case, during the procedure, there are a progression of battle systems that must be attempted to convincingly choose the perfect applicant with authority capacities. There are two fundamental political groups inside the US, principally the Republicans and Democrats (Newport, P. 250). Before every group chooses their banner conveyor there are fundamental decisions where every group select their gathering banner carrier whom would fight it out with different up-and-comers from the challenging gatherings (Census Bureau, 2009, P. 201). In the 2008 decisions, the Democrats had various competitors who included Barrack Hussein Obama, Joe Bidden, and Hillary Clinton, the spouse of the previous US president Bill Clinton among others. Then again, the Republicans who were agreeing with the previous president George Bush junior likewise completed their primer designations before the 2008 races and chose Sen ator McCain as their banner carrier among Senator Palin just to make reference to (McKinney, 2010, P. 248). After the primers, both the presidential up-and-comers needed to pick their running mates who were to the bad habit president’s should their group win political decision individually (Piano, 2009, P. 107). The Democrats picked Joe Bidden as the running mate of their presidential up-and-comer, Obama while the Republicans picked Palin as their presidential running mate under the administration of Senator McCain. The following is the image of the favored presidential running mates of Obama-Democrats-Joe Bidden and Sarah Palin of Republican’s, the Senator McCain's running mate (Census Bureau, 2009, P. 206). Fig. 1, Accessed from http://dalje.com/en-world/top-10-snapshots of-us-pre-political race/200091on Nov thirteenth, 2011. Political race On the political race date, both the Democrats and Republicans arranged to their best with a point of winning then the political race. In any case, as survey results stimulated the counting places it was clear that the Democrats were to convey the day with a mind-boggling prevail upon their counterparts’ republicans (Campbell, 2008, P. 39). When McCain, the Republican presidential competitor understood that everything was not as per his desires as the presidential hopeful he chose to yield races preceding the declaration of the general presidential votes making a favorable air for the festival to the Democrats with their banner carrier President Barrack Hussein Obama a shoulder high (Newport, P. 252). During the festival, Obama triumph was commended by both the electorates and relatives from both the US and Kenya where it is accepted that Obama Senior who was a spouse to Sarah Obama from Kogello town in Siaya region, Kenya where present. Be that as it may, Kenyans excessively celebrated as they viewed the occurrences through broadcast media. It was another history in the worldwide governmental issues being that a dark American conveyed the day dissimilar to the hours of Martin Luther Kings’ both senior and Junior which was loaded with resistance and death. â€Å"I have a dream† by Martin Luther King junior in 1968 (McKinney, 2010, P. 251). Obama Health Scheme During the Obama crusade, the key issues which persuaded the electorates were a proposition of a wide wellbeing plan that would deal with all ages from kids to the old (Panagopoulos, 2008, P. 09).

Northern Ireland Ethnic Conflict Research Paper

Northern Ireland Ethnic Conflict - Research Paper Example Through the Ireland’s government demonstration of 1920, the Island was parceled into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, a move that was restricted by certain unionists and a lion's share of the patriots. Furthermore, it turned out to be a piece of the Irish Free State that had been framed throughout the Irish Free State Constitutional demonstration of 1922 (O’Callagha), yet a short time later, the parliament of Northern Ireland selected from the Irish Free State through a location to the lord. This solicitation having been without a doubt, Northern Ireland got self-administering under the United Kingdom; a move that started inconsistent brutality in the district as certain gatherings were against the parceling of Ireland. Following the condition of pressures in the locale, there wereâ across guest relocations with Protestants moving northwards while Catholics moved southwards to the Free State. A portion of the Northern Catholic Nationalists who stayed in Northern Ireland felt disengaged from the state subsequent to having neglected to join the new police power in the Northern Ireland, which was generally established by the Unionist Protestants. Progressive Unionist Prime ministers’ rules somewhere in the range of 1920s and 1970s saw the Catholic minorities who shaped up the Nationalists being abused through oppressive strategies. For example, neighborhood government races were frequently fixed for the Unionist up-and-comers even in regions with a lion's share of the Nationalist Catholics. Business openings were frequently allowed for the Unionists/Protestants particularly in high-positioning powerful situations in the legislature of Northern Ireland. This prompted the decrease in the Northern Ireland Nationalists populace because of the extreme everyday environments they were exposed to. These biased arrangements against the Northern Ireland Nationalist Catholics and the Northern Ireland’s relationship with the United Kingdom p rompted the contention and inconveniences in the Northern Ireland that hollowed the lion's share Northern Ireland Protestants/Unionists against the minority Roman Catholic Nationalists (Engelhart). Right now in the emergency that was growing into a war, the Irish Republican Army was shaped to attempt to liberate the Northern Ireland from the British impact and control of the unionists/Protestants. This furnished force’s between time battles against the United Kingdom’s rule over Northern Ireland likewise needed to initiate the reunification of Ireland back to the previous 32 state Irish Republic by reestablishing and reinforcing its political limits (Mesev et. al. 874). The United Kingdom supporter unionists in counter to the Irish Republican Army’s battles framed little military gatherings to battle against the IRA powers. The Ulster Volunteer Force was then made in 1966, as a reply to the Irish Republican Force, which was undermining the proceeded with strengt h of the Unionists authority over Northern Ireland. The Ulster Volunteer Force was predominantly professional British and United Kingdom’s relations and joint effort with Northern Ireland to the hatred of the Nationalists plan through the IRA. The Ulster Volunteer Force was additionally battling to reassert and additionally fortify the Unionists authority over Northern Ireland, which was declining because of the IRA crusades. This violenceâ was made even conspicuous with the contribution of the United Kingdom State Controlled forces’ association in the camouflage of reestablishing harmony and quiet

Taking Chances free essay sample

My mom as of late read me a beginning discourse she had made at a nearby secondary school. She read it to me with the expectation that shed fulfill my interminable mission for answers to everything. Since the time I was youthful, I have looked to my folks and grandparents, companions and instructors for direction. Hesitant to commit an error, Ive asked on many occasions, What would it be advisable for me to do? Perhaps I was hesitant to make my first infant stride all alone, I dont recollect. Yet, some place along the line I chose I just needed to do things the correct way, regardless of whether it implied not accomplishing something like going for a section in a play. I made doing it the correct way my philosophy. What did I pass up? Perhaps I could have handled the piece of Dorothy in a neighborhood network theater. Possibly I could have sung a solo with my congregation ensemble. We will compose a custom paper test on Taking Risks or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Sick never know since I just needed to do things the correct way. At some point during my secondary school years, I changed. Possibly it was the point at which I chose to pursue the lead in Beauty and the Beast. Quit worrying about that I would need to remember lines and arranged developments, I would take the risk that I may fall flat. The day of tryouts I was all the while letting myself know, If you dont figure you can do it the correct way, just dont go. My heart was beating. My hands were shaking so severely when I got up to sing, that I wasnt certain the individuals holding the tryout would hear me over the clatter of the paper. In any case, something occurred. At the point when I opened my mouth to sing the sound was noisy and amazing and sweet. I went after the high notes that occasionally were past my scope and nailed them. With no break in my voice. I was attempting to do my best despite the fact that I may come up short. In any case, I didnt. That tryout presumably wasnt the finish of the snare that shielded me from attempting however it was unquestionably a significant piece of the procedure. I surmise I understand that in the event that I need to make every second count, I need to take risks. Presently, I do take these risks, little ones, with small steps, each day; voicing my feelings in class conversations or discussions, going after a high note when I sing in chamber ensemble, acting in other school plays, riding my pony over a three-foot bounce. Three years prior, I broke two vertebrae when I tumbled from my pony circumventing a chase course. That was an instance of certified hazard that could be viewed as genuine disappointment. I couldnt convey a book sack or take rec center for four months. It was both terrifying and life constraining. I couldnt ride didnt need to ride for about a year. The injury implied I couldnt go for b-ball, which I cherished. Furthermore, the day I went for track was the primary day my PCP permitted me to do any physical action whatsoever. The mentor didnt take me. I was, all things considered, in a bad way. However, I despite everything got a kick out of the chance to run, so I began running with my mother. No stop-watches. No cheering groups. I hadnt made the track group, however I hadnt bombed either. I have at long last figured out how to propel myself. Im taking an extreme science course at the present time. A portion of my companions are looking at reviewing the class so a second rate wont influence their odds for school. Me, Im taking the risk that in the event that I invest sufficient effort, Ill get an adequate evaluation that it wont bring down my solid evaluations in different subjects. I have come to understand that despite the fact that my folks and grandparents, companions and instructors dont consistently have the response to What would it be a good idea for me to do? they will be there to help me when I attempt. Life is figuring out how to manage Plan B, my mom expressed in her discourse. In any case, I presently realize that the Plan As I make for my life will get simpler and simpler with each possibility I take. Taking Risks free exposition test What is your opinion about offering insider facts to somebody youve actually never met? Or on the other hand saying how your life Is to somebody that you havent even observed up close and personal? Shouldn't something be said about Going to the degree of beginning to look all starry eyed at that mysterious outsider? For certain individuals, these things appear to be far off however, making a companion from the web is very exciting. I realize that the vast majority would quickly say, Thats so hazardous, Id better not ever do that. , however, its not as unnerving as it might appear. How might I say this confidently?Just a year prior, I was as frightened as an ordinary individual But at the present time, in the wake of taking risks, I have made a couple of web companions myself, and I dont lament its slightest bit, truth be told, its probably the best hazard Vive taken. I wasnt intending to gloat, I just dont need individuals to imagine that Im doing this without a touch of understanding. We will compose a custom article test on Taking Risks or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Its not in any case all that perilous If you Just think carefully, dont give out your location, dont share individual subtleties Immediately, or dont give out your last name If you need in the event that you dont feel great yet, at that point just dont do it, its straightforward as that, think carefully they pressure you, at that point quit conversing with them, your psyche knows where that prompts. Simply think. Or on the other hand better, in the event that you cannot prevent yourself from being hasty, at that point forget about it, stick to close companions. Earning a companion through the web right presently may appear to be far off yet having one has a lot of advantages. For one, it feels incredible to really say that you have a companion from another nation, Just envision having a companion from Japan or Korea for an occurrence. You get familiar with the diverse way of life and culture of their country.Or even get a couple of words and expressions from their language. There may even be a few situations where you have schoolwork about their nation or something like that, you can approach them a couple of inquiries for a touch of help. Second, If you meet somebody more seasoned, around 18 or more, you can approach them for counsel. Regardless of whether this is on the grounds that you dont realize some solution for that specific individual or on the grounds that youre befuddled which isn't right or right. They can get you out a great deal. Or on the other hand regardless of whether youre feeling down, they can pick you directly back up with a look on the more splendid side.Third, in the event that you experience discussions, you can without much of a stretch discover individuals with your equivalent advantages and conversing with them will never be cumbersome since you will consistently have a subject. Become a close acquaintence with individuals will be simpler in light of the fact that youll never get unbalanced environment with your regular advantages and through that, you will know each other better since one point prompts another hundred themes, before you know it, its like both of you have been companions for quite a while. Different reasons shift from what sort of companionship you have with that individual. .. Web Its since they never let you be forlorn, they truly make you roar with laughter through the web, or on the grounds that theres something about them that truly you can never truly observe whats behind that other screen But it can generally be either positive or negative. A ruffian? A psychological patient? Imagine a scenario in which theyre Just a young person like you, Just searching for a companion. Nobody can ever know without a doubt. So the key in producing something as unconstrained as this is realizing when to face the challenge. When to settle on choices and if that choice is generally advantageous. Take the risk.

Philosophy And Modernity Essay

The contention among Philosophy and Modernity is a ceaseless subject. Every one of the terms is independently bolstered by the comparing ages. Be that as it may, the individuals who bolster innovation, at any rate sooner or later of life will definitely bolster theory. That is the intensity of reasoning. Let us accept a disaster as model that gives us how these two issues struggle with one another. The fear monger assaults of September 11 despite everything frequent the psyches of Americans scared by the immensity of the wrongdoing. We have to comprehend what could have propelled somebody to do something like this. It is awful enough to experience such a gigantic occasion; to feel it is strange, a demonstration with no possible thought process, just adds to the feeling of illusion. What is the wellspring of this antagonistic vibe? What thoughts, qualities, and perspectives offer ascent to it? Lewis’s perception contains the seeds of the two driving ways of thinking about the response to this inquiry. The two schools place Islamist disdain of the USA in a bigger social and chronicled setting. Both are conceivable, and in numerous regards they are good. In any case, they contrast in what they see as the basic terms of the progressing struggle, and in their suggestions for what's to come. One school holds that the war on fear mirrors a hidden clash among Islam and the West as civilisations. Each is joined together, as a civilisation, by the devotion of its kin to an account of their previous, a typical religion, and shared thoughts, qualities, and lifestyles. The present strains among Islam and the West are just the most recent of the contentions that have happened throughout the hundreds of years. The USA is a specific object of antagonistic vibe now since it is the most remarkable Western nation. The individuals who dismiss innovation are to be found in each country and progress. The subsequent school holds that terrorists’ antagonistic vibe is aimed at ‘the standards and values’ of the West. On this view, what they abhor isn't the West as a general public or a civilisation fundamentally, yet rather the way of life of advancement. Innovation was conceived in the West, in the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years, yet it isn't intrinsically attached to the history or customs of any one society. It is a star grouping of all inclusive qualities †the mainstream culture of reason, science, independence, progress, majority rule government, and private enterprise †that have spread worldwide in various structures and to fluctuating degrees. By a similar token, the individuals who dismiss advancement, who dread and wish to devastate it, are to be found in each country and civilisation. Furthermore, perpetually they detest the USA as the fullest, generally enticing, and in this manner most perilous encapsulation of that culture. There are the same number of fights inside civilisations as between them. Muslims considered military to be as a characteristic of Allah’s favor. As Seyyed Hossein Nasr, an unmistakable Iranian rationalist and student of history, watches, ‘During the initial twelve centuries of its notable presence, Islam lived with the full attention to reality and acknowledgment of God’s guarantee to Muslims that they would be successful in the event that they followed His religion. Such sections as â€Å"There is no victor yet God†, which enhances the dividers of the Alhambra, likewise embellished the spirit and psyche of Muslims’. In the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years, be that as it may, the tide changed. The logical and modern insurgencies unfathomably expanded the riches and the military influence of the West. After the destruction of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the Middle East was taken over by European countries and separated into states and protectorates. Today, regardless of decolonisation, the nations of this area stay poor and in reverse by examination with the West as well as with the blasting economies of East Asia. Oil income has showered riches on the district, yet financial development has been kept down by layers of guidelines, inefficient government endeavors and ventures, also defilement. On account of their vital area, Middle Eastern nations were pawns of the Cold War however were once in a while obvious accomplices or companions of either power. Presently, Muslims feel they are helpless before a worldwide economy driven by Western free enterprise. They feel attacked by Western mainstream society, which they view as ethically wanton. Israel is the salt in every one of these injuries †a country of individuals who originated from the West, tore a fix of land from Islam, transformed it into a dynamic, well off economy, and obtained the military ability to crush its Arab neighbors. The consequence of this, is ‘a feeling of mortification †a developing mindfulness, among the beneficiaries of an old, pleased, and long-prevailing civilisation, of having been surpassed, overborne, and overpowered by those whom they viewed as their inferiors’. Having attempted to take on Western ways, with terrible outcomes, they are progressively attracted to the possibility that the arrangement is an arrival to the unadulterated Islamic confidence that reigned in the times of their previous significance. The conflict of-civilisations school certainly speaks to part of the reality of the situation. In any case, it isn't every bit of relevant information, and not the major truth. Its head weakness is that it misrepresents the degree of understanding in viewpoint, qualities, thoughts, and loyalties among individuals who share the basic history and culture that characterize a civilisation. Truth be told, there are the same number of fights over these issues inside civilisations as between them †particularly in the West. The hijackers’ target was a sanctuary of innovation. At the degree of essential philosophical standards, nonetheless, the Enlightenment time frame was considerably more significant as a defining moment in the West, and in a way made another civilisation. Against innovation Innovation was conceived in the West in an extreme change of its past. The universe of the Middle Ages, worked far and wide perspective on Christian Scholasticism, was a general public of strict way of thinking, medieval law, and a rural economy. Out of this dirt, the Renaissance and Enlightenment created a generously new society of science, independence, and modern free enterprise. At the point when we inspect the more extensive setting of Islamic fear based oppression, plainly a contempt of innovation is its main impetus. The social establishment of this new society, in the event that we state it as a lot of express postulations, was the view that reason, not disclosure, is the instrument of information and judge of truth; that science, not religion, gives us reality with regards to nature; that the quest for bliss in this life, not languishing in planning over the following, is the cardinal worth; that reason can and ought to be utilized to build human prosperity through financial and innovative advancement; that the distinct individual is an end in himself with the ability to coordinate his own life, not a slave or a kid to be governed by others; that people have equivalent rights to opportunity of thought, discourse, and activity; that strict conviction ought to be an exclusive arrangement, resilience a social ideals, and church and state kept discrete; and that we ought to supplant order economies with business sectors, fighting with exchange, and rule by ruler or commissar with majority rule gove rnment. It is subsequently deceptive to call our civilisation Christian, despite the fact that that remaining parts the biggest religion as far as disciples. The West may in any case be a culture of Christians, all things considered, however it's anything but a Christian culture any longer. It is a mainstream culture. What's more, that is the thing that the Islamists despise most about us. The al-Qaeda robbers didn't focus on the Vatican, the capital of Western Christianity whose pioneers propelled the Crusades. They didn't assault the British Foreign Office, which coordinated pilgrim arrangement in the Middle East after World War I. They assaulted the World Trade Center, the glad image of building boldness and worldwide trade, where organizations from scores of nations (counting numerous Muslim nations) worked in opportunity and harmony, making riches and putting resources into material advancement. Their objective, to put it plainly, was a sanctuary of innovation. The way of life of advancement is anything but a Western decent however a human decent Advancement implied individuals changing their relationship with both the world and themselves. Just because, through science, they understood that numerous things, for example, certain climate examples or diseases, were not a matter of destiny. The social request not, at this point appeared to be difficult to change either. Upsets could clear away dictators and individuals could improve their expectations for everyday comforts. The risk presented by the Islamist psychological militants gets not from their Islamic foundation however from the thoughts, qualities, and inspirations they share with enemies of pioneers wherever remembering for the West. In such manner, they have not simply ambushed our civilisation. They have assaulted civilisation all things considered. Civilisation is the condition a general public achieves when it rises up out of ancient boorishness and starts to apply insight deliberately to the issues of human life, by making advancements of creation like cultivating, advances of perception like composition, and advances of social request like urban areas and law. The way of life of innovation is one of these changeless commitments †the most significant. In spite of the fact that Western in inception, it's anything but a Western decent yet a human decent. It has endlessly extended our insight into the world; acquired a huge increment riches, solace, security, and wellbeing; and made social establishments in which people can prosper. Against innovation isn't just dedication to pre-present day phases of civilisation with respect to individuals who have not yet found explanation and independence. It is a postmodern response by individuals who have seen innovation and betrayed it, who despise and wish to crush it. This is a significantly against human viewpoint, and there can be no trade off with it. As we train in on the fear mongers who have assaulted us, we should likewise focus on the thoughts that motivate them.

A Guide to Helping Your Students Through the Writing Process

A Guide to Helping Your Students Through the Writing Process (0) Sometimes, when you assign students a writing task, they immediately balk. For students, writing assignments can be overwhelming â€" there are so many components for them to keep track of that they often don’t even know how to start. But it doesn’t have to be that way. Technology makes it easier than ever for students to work through the writing process and to know what they need to do and how to stay organized along the way. Here are some tips for supporting students through the writing process: Start Out On The “Write” Foot Many students need support before you even hand out a writing assignment. You need to set the groundwork. To make sure students know what to do with a writing assignment, you can frontload the assignment with instruction on how to dissect a task and get started with writing. You might want to start by showing your students the following video, “Breaking Down an Argumentative Writing Task,” from the EasyBib vault.  It gives students prewriting strategies like identifying audience, brainstorming, and starting with a hypothesis. Breaking Down Tasks After students complete the lesson, you can use the analytics to quickly see who needs more help and who is ready to start writing! Tip: Even if you’ve already completed a number of writing projects in your class, it’s always good to review best practices with your students. Set the Assignment As students build out their skills, they can start applying what they’ve learned about the writing process to a writing assignment. Students should be writing for many different purposes and at different times of the year. But, if you need some inspiration for authentic writing tasks, here are a few assignments you can start with: Get Informed! Presidential Candidate Profiles This year, we will elect a new president. During election season, there is a lot of information flying around about each candidate. It can be hard to know what’s true, what’s being exaggerated, and what is a flat out lie. To help your classmates stay informed, you will write a well-researched profile of one presidential candidate and his or views. For your profile, you will need to pick one candidate, provide some biographic information and explain the candidate’s views on taxes, education, and foreign policy. Your profile should be supported by at least three credible sources. Letter to the editor: What’s your cause? Identify a community issue that is important to you. This could be a law you disagree with, a law that you think should be established, a neighborhood park that needs attention, an issue in schools â€" anything that affects the members of your community. Begin gathering sources from databases and websites that help you learn more about the cause you chose. Make sure your are using relevant, authoritative sources. Write a letter to the editor explaining what the issue is and what steps community members should take to address the issue. Use the examples you studied from your local “Opinions” section to help you structure your writing. Should America Have a Holiday Dedicated to Christopher Columbus? Your task is to write an Argumentative Essay with your position clearly defined as to why or why not America should have a holiday dedicated to Christopher Columbus. Your position should be clearly stated and should have evidence to support your position. Here are a few resources to help you get started: Indigenous Peoples Day How Columbus Day Fell Victim to Its Own Success Columbus Controversy Columbus’ Journals Give Students the Tools They Need Now that you’ve set the assignment, you need to give students the tools they need to be able to write their papers. What you don’t want is to get a paper that is one long stream-of-consciousness essay, or only cites Wikipedia articles as evidence. So, how can you help them? Provide Feedback at Every Step Brief conferences or “check-ins” throughout the writing process helps students stay on track. Ask questions while reading writing pieces with students, help them reflect, discuss ways to improve it, and guide them to making effective changes and edits. Having difficulty finding time to check in with every single one of your students? Peer-editing is a great way for students to share their work with classmates. Model what peer-editing should look like and include a checklist to help students stay focused and on-task while conferencing with their peers. We love the examples of how to give effective feedback in this Edutopia article by Marianne Stenger. Share Examples of Exemplary Work Of course we do not want our students to copy others’ work, but sharing a few high-quality examples provides students with good “role-models” to follow. Notice that students are having difficulty with transitions? Show them a writing piece where the transitions are smooth and well-organized. Are students relying too much on Wikipedia? Showcase an example of a writing piece that pulls in information from many different types of authoritative sources. Showcasing high-quality examples, and having a discussion on what makes particular pieces stellar, will make students conscious of what their work should include. Show that Rubrics Rock! Create a rubric to help keep students on-track with their writing. Make it simple enough for students to understand and encourage them to use it not only at the end of their assignment, but while writing it too. Add check off boxes next to the rubric components to help them self-assess their work and address areas that should be revised. With the tips above, your students will dive more confidently into their writing assignments and you can excitedly plan for your next writing assignment.

Testimonials and Private College Counselors

Testimonials and Private College Counselors February 20 There are no testimonials from Johnny on Ivy Coach website. Such testimonials are, frankly, a waste of space. Many private college counseling companies list testimonials on their websites to boast of their successful track records. Maybe it reads something like this: College Counseling Company X helped me get into Princeton! Theyre amazing. Johnny, Princeton 15 Ok, well, what exactly does that mean? Who is this alleged Johnny from the Princeton Class of 2015? Does Johnny even really exist? Do you know how many Johns and Jonathans are in the Princeton Class of 2015? We dont know this data point offhand, but we suspect many! Needless to say, there are no testimonials on Ivy Coach website from folks like Johnny, Princeton 15 because those testimonials arent worth the webpages theyre written on. If, however, you go on our website, youll see genuine testimonials from parents and students with their real names and information. We dont ask many of our clients for testimonials because our role as your private college counselor is to be behind the scenes so that nobody knows that you had a little or a lot of help along the way. But every now and then a student or parent volunteers to give us a testimonial and well put that on our website for a couple of years before replacing it with a more recent one. If youre choosing a private college counseling company, wouldnt you want to go with a company that actually uses legit references? Wouldnt you want to go with a company that is referenced in just about any article on highly selective college admissions in the press? Or would you want to go with the company that Johnny from the Princeton Class of 2015 champions?

The Negative Aspects of Special Rights - 768 Words

Kymlicka believes that nation-building is beneficial in developing the identities of the state, he further goes on to say that we can justify granting ‘special rights’ to the minorities in a liberal state to protect them from any injustices (Kymlicka, 2002). Kymlicka does not state exactly what he believes special rights to be, therefore it is open to many different interpretations. I do not find this argument plausible because there are many instances in which certain special rights allow the minorities to have more rights than the majority. This occurs in the case of honour killings and gender equality. Firstly, it should be noted that the purpose of special rights is to promote equality and ensure all groups have equal footing. While I agree with this idea in theory, in practice I do not believe it is successful. I believe this because there are certain cultural traditions that may conflict with others and thus, not promote equality. For example, honour killings are t he homicide of someone by the members of their family. This occurs when the perpetrator believes that the victim has brought dishonour to the family by refusing an arranged marriage or engaging in a homosexual relationship, etc. There are a plethora of reasons behind why someone would commit this type of murder, all of which, are unacceptable in any civilized society in my opinion. According to Canadian laws and the morals of most Canadian citizens, murder for any reason is acceptable and against the law.Show MoreRelatedCritically Evaluate How the Original Special K Brand Could Have Affected Special K Cereal and Special K Bar Extensions.935 Words   |  4 Pages Special K is one of the well-established brands among Kellogg’s brand category and was viewed as a stand-alone product. But, Kellogg’s had not created any variants or brand extensions to develop the core product. Kellogg’s recognised that it’s time to stretch the brand to not only keep original core product, Special K, strong but also grow the brand as a whole. They did a lot on marketing research, tasty research and quantitative research before they launched Special K cereal and Special K barsRead MoreTda 2.4 Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People1458 Words   |  6 PagesTDA 2.4 : Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people The current legislative framework protecting the equal rights of all children and young people are stated in the United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). These rights are extensive, including the right to education and the right for children and young people to have their views respected. The Children Act 1989 sets out the duty of local authorities to provide services according to the needsRead MoreStudents With Disabilities And Their Education1305 Words   |  6 Pageseffectively. I believe that all students can succeed. With the right school support, collaboration, and instructional methods, children with disabilities can be taught in the same general education classroom and with the same curriculum. Special education is something that in my opinion, doesn t get enough support. School support is something that special education needs a lot of. Administrative support is a great thing to have behind special education because they can make sure that the opportunityRead MoreA Comparative Study Of Classroom Teachers Perceptions Towards Inclusion944 Words   |  4 Pagessuccessful inclusion is the attitude of the general education teacher (Golmic Hansen, 2012). The study surveyed both elementary and secondary teachers to determine if there was a difference in perception when it came to teaching students with special needs in their general education classroom. The study looked at several different factors including but not limited to teacher gender, years of teaching experience, personal experience with disabilities, and past experience with inclusion. ThisRead MoreAnalysis Of Is College Worth It885 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam J. Bennett and David Wilezol debates the positive a nd negative aspects of attending college. It is not known which was the first university to appear in the United States, but the most notorious college to be established in the 1600s was Harvard University. Since the 1600s, colleges have only been increasing in an abundant of states in the United States. Unfortunately, Bennett and Wilezol, first two chapters introduce the negative aspects of college; and, chapters three and four are universal argumentsRead MoreImproving The Accessibility Of Education For Disabled Children1297 Words   |  6 PagesCOMMITTEE: Special Conference on ‘Equal Chances’- Sub Commission 1 ISSUE OF: Improving the accessibility of education for disabled children MAIN SUBMITTER: Morocco Deeply emphasizing the fact that there are more than one billion people around the world, of whom nearly 93 million are children, live with some form of disability, Concerned about the inequalities persons with disabilities experience in their daily lives causing them to have fewer opportunities to access a quality education that takesRead MoreLifelong Learning1178 Words   |  5 Pageslot to learn about raising a child under normal circumstances, but when a child has special needs parents must learn this whole new language of medical and special education terms (Overton, 2005). Parents enter this new world where navigating for the best interest of their child is riddled with challenges and obstacles that they need to somehow overcome. This is especially true when parents are dealing with the special education program in their child’s school. The Individuals with DisabilitiesRead MoreProstitution Is Legal Under Strict Regulations1516 Words   |  7 Pagesstate chooses. If this aspect of the law is broken and prostitutes and Johns are caught, the John should be punished by having to pay a high fine and go through a prostitute awareness’ course, similar to when individuals have to go through AA as part of their court orders. Just like in Germany, special programs for prostitutes should also be created if they need an outlet to help them exit the industry. 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Graduation Speech On Teaching And Learning And Interactive...

I enrolled in the Certificate in the University Teaching (CUT) program in spring 2014 right after completing the FUT program in winter 2014. Through the GS901 workshops, I learned about students’ traits and attitudes toward learning and interactive teaching through active learning. With regards to course design, I learned the importance of having an organized, yet flexible, course plan that is designed in equilibrium with course objectives and assessments. Teaching observation practicum, provided me with an opportunity to assess my teaching from the perspective of an experienced educator. Below, I will discuss the elements and strategies that I have experimented with based on the comments and suggestions I received. COLLECTIVE LEARNING: One of the key elements in teaching undergraduate classes is to create a learning environment that cultivates critical thinking and mastery of concepts. As an instructor, I have experienced with various active learning methods to keep my students engaged and motivated. Within the pedagogy toolbox, I found the element of discovery to be the most effective way of teaching. In my classes, before even explaining a new concept, I usually pose a question to class and ask my students to find a solution. I ask my students to work in pairs (and sometimes groups) to come up with a solution without them knowing the new concepts. The idea is to assist them to discover the new concepts by thinking out of the box and trying different approaches. DuringShow MoreRelatedThe Education Of Medical Education2005 Words   |  9 PagesOn May 16, 1769 at King’s College, Doctor Samuel Bard begins his commencement speech to a small group of gentlemen anxiously awaiting their graduation and immersion i nto the complex and elite society of medical practitioners. 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They need to be able to express their ideas and opinions in speech and in writing. They need to think independently, critically, and creatively. Hence, they should be given opportunities to enhance higher order thinking skills like analysis and evaluation (Proficiency in English 1, 2010). In the secondary EnglishRead MoreDiffereces Between Vietnamese and American Compliment10198 Words   |  41 Pagesuniversity foreign language department ==== (((==== A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF GIVING COMPLIMENTS and responses IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (nghià ªn cá » ¨U GIAO THOA VÄ‚N HÓA Vá »â‚¬ Cà CH KHEN VÀ Ä Ãƒ P Lá º  I Lá »Å"I KHEN TRONG TIá º ¾NG aNH VÀ TIá º ¾NG VIá »â€ T ) graduation paper fIELD: lINGUISTICS Student: TRUONG THI THANH CANH, 47A1 Supervisor: BUI THI THANH MAI (M.A) Vinh - 2010 Acknowledgement I would first like specially to thank Mrs. BuiRead MoreEssay about Act and American College Testing2386 Words   |  10 Pagesis beneficial to them. The Client Jadine Marie Sawyer (DOB 9/1/94), was referred for services by her math teacher after having a panic attack during her math class. A primary goal for Jadine’s counseling is to establish a plan for her life post-graduation from high school. Jadine has concerns about being able to provide Sierra, her daughter. Jadine works part time currently at Bright Days Day Care, but knows she must make plans for her future. 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Love Is Strange By Ira Sachs And Mauricio Zacharias

(1) BUDGET First released on 18 January 2014 at Sundance Film Festival,, Love is Strange is directed by Ira Sachs and written by Ira Sachs and Mauricio Zacharias, depicting a love story between two old men, who live in New York City. The film is produced by seven companies, which is Parts and labor, in association with Palior House Production, Film50 and Mutressa Movies as well as RT Features, and Charlie Guidance, Mn...Buttered Panini Productions. The film’s distributors account for 15 companies. The film gained $117,276 in the opening weekend and grossed $2,252,580 in the United State. Maybe to cut the budget, Sachs lets his husband create painting for the character Ben. The budget for the film is around $150,000. There is a fun fact of†¦show more content†¦Typically, these films directly depict gay love which is studios dislike to handle. Love Is Strange shows audiences the love between two old men could be so simple, just like love between a man and a woman. Likewise, Ben an d George look like two kids, and nothing is more important for them than being able to living together. The film is focus on normal life of two old men. Few of studio films want to talk about life trivia, which studio are not interested in. But we can see it is some trivial and real matters that affect audiences and their emotion. It is interesting too. Foe instance, Ben interrupts Kate when she is writing, and Kate asks Ben why he don’t start a new painting; Ben answers, â€Å"It’s the hardest thing, Kate, to be honest with you. I brought all my stuff here, but...Well...it’s just that I can’t really work if there’s someone else around. I can’t concentrate, you know?† Does Ben realize that Kate cannot concentrate because he is around? (3) Characters I cannot confirm who can be easily identified with because Ira Sachs did a good job making elaborate efforts to every characters. Every characters is nice in nature. Ben Hull, one of the old men, is obsessed with sadness. Ben is likely to worry about something with his sorrowful eyes; he is prone to melancholy and sensitivity. But sometimes, he can be so excited. In contrast, George Garea is

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) - 2524 Words

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (Lamptey et al 2002). The transmission of this virus occurs through contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk (Lamptey et al 2002). Sexual intercourse with a HIV infected partner is the most common cause of transmission. HIV can also spread through contact with contaminated syringes or needles and also be passed from mother to child through pregnancy, birth and breast feeding (Lamptey et al 2002). There is a general consensus that the HIV/AIDS epidemic may by the most destructive health crisis that we have faced (Lamptey et al 2006). Furthermore there is evidence that this epidemic has and will continue to cause havoc in relation to global health. This is especially true for countries in the developing world (Vii. Impact On The Health Sector). This article will the discuss the major health implications caused by the spread of HIV/AIDS focusing mainly on sub-Saharan Africa , while touching on a few other locations. Furthermore this paper aims to explore the actions taken towards the treatment and prevention of this disease. Finally future outcomes for HIV sufferers will be evaluated. Goal Six of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) puts forth the motion to combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases (UN MDGs n.d.). Furthermore Target 6.A and Target 6.B respectively state the aims to have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and achieve, byShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1359 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has infected two million adults and children by the year 2005 already. 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How my brother leon brought home a wife Free Essays

â€Å"How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife† Leon and Bald waited for the arrival of Maria at the barrio. Maria was afraid that she will not be accepted by Loon’s father because she may not able to adapt their way of living in the province. Bald was ignoring to his older brother’s question about why did d they have to go to WAIS instead of Camino Real. We will write a custom essay sample on How my brother leon brought home a wife or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reason is that their father wanted to t est. Maria if she is worthy to be Loon’s wife. Bald discussed their travel to his father. Appreciate Maria. Because she accepted and respected Leon for what he area Ill is. She didn’t care what Loon’s life back in Encumbrance. She was a supportive and a love inning wife to Leon. She was so endearing and kindhearted lady. She was very keen to meet Loon’s family. The fact that the rural is different from the city can be somewhat disco raging but the closer hey get to the house, Maria still manages to overcome any trials. SSH e admits for having some fear, but she also shows clearly it did not stop her. Believe that social status is not a hindrance if you truly love each other. How to cite How my brother leon brought home a wife, Papers

The Importance of Weight Management free essay sample

The Important of Weight Management Written by: Nor Atikah Bt Ghazali The issue of obesity among teenagers is growing concern. In relation to this, you have attended a health seminar about the importance of weight control organized by the Health Ministry. As the secretary of the Health Club, I have been asked to write an article on the importance of weight management for the school magazine. There are many reasons for obesity, for example is genetics. We can see that 40% people get obesity maybe from their parents genetics.The obesity problem is difficult to prevent, so they need be referred to a health specialist. Besides, the bad eating habits is one of the reasons obesity. We must be cautious about the food that we eat. If we take the wrong food, it may give bad effect to our body. The last reasons for obesity is lack of exercise. We need to exercise at least three times a week. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Weight Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We do not need to waste our money to go to the gym, we can do exercise everywhere such as jogging at the park and so on. Sometimes, we have to sweat to release bad impurities in our body.There are many ways to overcome the obesity. Firstly is eating a balanced diet. Having a balanced diet is important for our health. A balanced diet means eating the right food in the correct amount and follows the food pyramid. It means that we should eat food in the right proportions. Our diet should consist mainly of vegetables, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and cereals such as rice, wheat and corn products. Next, do not snack between meals. We know that snacks are not healthy for our body.We need avoid eating too much of any foods that not give nutrition to our body. The snacks will bring a variety of illnesses such as kidney damage, obesity and so on. On the other hand, do not skip meals. We need to eat three times a day such as breakfast, lunch and dinner. We need to take the right amount of food to avoid body fat. Later, we need to exercise regularly for our healthy body. If we are too busy with the work, we should exercise at least three times a week. We can do exercise everywhere such as in our house, jogging at the park and so on. Sometimes, we have to sweat to release bad impurities in our body. We also need to consult doctor or fitness expert before joining a gym to identify the problem we have. We need to know what our problem so that we can overcome it. As a teenager, we need to maintain our ideal weight. We must watch the our daily food that we take and avoid the fatty and oily food such as fried foods. They actually are bad and disclosed our body to obesity. Then, we should also go for regular health checks although we are too busy. Because our health is more important than everything. We need take care our body to live longer. We should think positively everyday to keep clear of the stress. The stress also will make wrinkles on our faces and aging quickly than normal. We need take time to go to recreation or interesting places to relieve our stress. Last but not least, we should be disciplined in our weight management. We must eat on time and take the nutritional foods so that they can produce the right things to our body. By eating properly, we will have a healthy body.

Madde Poulter Essays - Abuse, Shania Twain Live, Shania Twain

Madde Poulter Professor Wedemeyer Song Analysis The song "Black eyes, Blue tears" demonstrates how it is to leave a domestic violence relationship. Tempo- upbeat and is at a moderate pace, very casual Timbre- soft-toned but upbeat Pitch- middle and high pitches Rhythem- The song is fun to sing and has more a positive vibe when normally songs about abuse are down and The song makes me feel empowered and to make you strong enough to realize what you are worth The chorus simply is "Black Eyes, i don't need em, blue tears give me freedom" The refrain is "begging, please no more" The verses are "No more rolling with the punches, no more usin or abusin'" and "no more crying in the corner, no excuses no more bruises." The chorus is obviously repeated but some words frequently mentioned are bruises and and freedom, pretty much saying she wants freedom from this life she had before with bruises and abuse. Shania Twain was in a domestic relationship w her father, and had to help her mom out of the situation. She was also raped by her father, almost forcing her family to run away from this man. Shania lived in Poverty and how she was able to become the country- pop star she is, took alot of hard work. Shania claims "I was more to be a fighter and a survivor" Black eye is a symbol for abuse Freedom is a symbol of freedom from her dad Its about being in a bad situation and having your own voice and power to leave Domestic violence is something that is sometimes overlooked and not many people realize that they have the strength to leave a situation which is sometimes the hardest part about the relationship. The conflict is pretty self explanatory- leaving an abusive relationship All of the lyrics are pretty powerful, not one just sticks out http://oneweekoneband.tumblr.com/post/101422017189/shania-twain-black-eyes-blue-tears-out-of-all another analysis of the song " While revenge songs certainly are fun to sing and certainly have a sort of kickass quality about them, the fact is that in most domestic abuse situations, the abused will not retaliate by shooting the abuser or dropping their body in a lake. Sometimes leaving is the hardest choice to make. ** i know this isn't a real analysis but go w it** Critique The thought of leaving an relationship especially an abusive one is always a scary thought. You never know what might come after you finally have strength to leave. The song "Black eyes, blue tears" is a great song for woman who need the strength to do that. Shania Twain has a past of domestic violence and this song reflects how she was able to build up courage from that. The song explains how she doesnt want black eyes anymore from abuse and came up with strength and she is done begging for it to stop and made a movement for herself. Domestic violence is a serious issue these days and the fact that Shania was able to make an upbeat positive song about controlling the domestic violence relationship you are in, and teaching you its ok to stand up for yourself is amazing. I also found out that everytime the song is sung in concert, money gets donated to domestic violence foundation and that shows how much Shania actually cares about the issue and wants everyone to have strength like sh e did.

UW Madison Essay Contest Sample Essays - How to Write an Effective UW Madison Essay

UW Madison Essay Contest Sample Essays - How to Write an Effective UW Madison EssayUW Madison student life quizzes are a great way to get your answers for the UW Madison Essay Contest. These days you can find all kinds of samples online, but the whole point of the quiz is that you need to really understand what is on the quiz before you take it.For example, if you take a quick quiz like this one, the first thing you will probably be thinking is 'how am I supposed to answer this?' The very first question is 'I recently heard about a recent event where there was a student who reported death threats.' This doesn't sound that relevant, and there are no answers that relate directly to the topic of the UW Madison Essay Contest. The worst thing is that most of the sample UW Madison essays don't have even one sentence that is related to the topic of the essay.The second most important question to answer is 'how would I write about this? ', which requires some additional research. You can't j ust sit down and try to write about death threats on your own. There is no point in trying to explain to someone how a death threat works. You need to really understand the topic of the essay before you start writing.Usually you won't learn anything about the death threats that are referenced in the UW Madison Essay Contest sample essays, because they aren't discussed anywhere in the sample essays. The topic is usually such a broad topic that there isn't any reference to anything in particular. In fact, if you don't fully understand what the essay is about, it can be very confusing to even try to figure out what the essay is about.Often times you may see that a sample UW Madison essay will have an 'author's note' at the end. This note usually tells you where to go to find more information about the death threats. There is no way that you can do that in your search by just reading the sample essay, because the only reference that will actually let you know where to go is the author's note.Another problem with the UW Madison Essay Contest sample essays is that most of them don't give you any real examples or proof to back up their statements. There is no way to really figure out if the person who wrote the essay even believes what they are saying, because they didn't bother to provide any sources.In many cases, a good way to do research for UW Madison essay is to search Google for the specific topic of the essay, and then type the phrase that you want to research into the search bar. When you do this, you should make sure that you look for every other UW Madison essay that uses that word, so that you have a list of all the possible essays that were written on that topic.Then, from this list, you can start writing the essay and finding your own research to support each statement that you will be making in your UW Madison Essay Contest. Make sure that you study and practice writing about death threats until you can write a good UW Madison Essay Contest sample essa y that you can feel comfortable discussing with others.

Womens Rights Essays

Womens Rights Essays Womens Rights Essay Womens Rights Essay n. d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. 3. Europe ?„? « Women Suffrage and Beyond. Women Suffrage and Beyond RSS. N. p. , n. d. web. 22 Jan. 2013. 4. WOMEN IN THE ELI: women the HISTORY OF EUROPE womens politics: The Ferntntst Movement. WOMEN IN THE ELI: women in the HISTORY OF EUROPE Womens Politics: The Feminist Movement. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. 2013.

Overview of Systemic Functional Linguistics

Overview of Systemic Functional Linguistics Systemic functional linguistics is the  study of the relationship between language and its functions in social settings. Also known as  SFL, systemic functional grammar, Hallidayan linguistics, and systemic linguistics. Three strata make up the linguistic system in SFL: meaning (semantics), sound (phonology), and wording or lexicogrammar (syntax, morphology, and lexis). Systemic functional linguistics treats grammar as a meaning-making resource and insists on the interrelation of form and meaning. This study was developed in the 1960s by British  linguist  M.A.K. Halliday (b. 1925), who had been influenced by the work of the Prague School and British linguist J.R. Firth (1890-1960). Examples and Observations SL [systemic linguistics] is an avowedly functionalist approach to language, and it is arguably the functionalist approach which has been most highly developed. In contrast to most other approaches, SL explicitly attempts to combine purely structural information with overtly social factors in a single integrated description. Like other functionalist frameworks, SL is deeply concerned with the purposes of language use. Systemicists constantly ask the following questions: What is this writer (or speaker) trying to do? What linguistic devices are available to help them do it, and on what basis do they make their choices?(Robert Lawrence Trask and Peter Stockwell, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2007)that language use is functionalthat its function is to make meaningsthat these meanings are influenced by the social and cultural context in which they are exchangedthat the process of using language is a semiotic process, a process of making meaning by choosing.Four M ain ClaimsWhile individual scholars naturally have different research emphases or application contexts, common to all systemic linguists is an interest in language as social semiotic (Halliday 1978)how people use language with each other in accomplishing everyday social life. This interest leads systemic linguists to advance four main theoretical claims about language:These four points, that language use is functional, semantic, contextual and semiotic, can be summarized by describing the systemic approach as a functional-semantic approach to language.(Suzanne Eggins, An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics, 2nd ed. Continuum, 2005) Three Kinds of Social-Functional NeedsAccording to Halliday (1975), language has developed in response to three kinds of social-functional needs. The first is to be able to construe experience in terms of what is going on around us and inside us. The second is to interact with the social world by negotiating social roles and attitudes. The third and final need is to be able to create messages with which we can package our meanings in terms of what is New or Given, and in terms of what the starting point for our message is, commonly referred to as the Theme. Halliday (1978) calls these language functions metafunctions and refers to them as ideational, interpersonal and textual respectively.Hallidays point is that any piece of language calls into play all three metafunctions simultaneously.(Peter Muntigl and Eija Ventola, Grammar: A Neglected Resource in Interaction Analysis? New Adventures in Language and Interaction, ed. by Jà ¼rgen Streeck. John Benjamins, 2010)Choice as a Basic Sy stemic Functional ConceptIn Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) the notion of choice is fundamental. Paradigmatic relations are regarded as primary, and this is captured descriptively by organizing the basic components of the grammar in interrelated systems of features representing the meaning potential of a language. A language is viewed as a system of systems, and the linguists task is to specify the choices involved in the process of instantiating this meaning potential in actual texts through the resources available for expression in the language. Syntagmatic relations are viewed as derived from systems by means of realization statements, which for each feature specify the formal and structural consequences of selecting that particular feature. The term choice is typically used for features and their selection, and systems are said to display choice relations. Choice relations are posited not only at the level of individual categories such as definiteness, tense and number but also at higher levels of text planning (as in, e.g., the grammar of speech functions). Halliday often stresses the importance of the notion of choice: By text . . . we understand a continuous process of semantic choice. Text is meaning and meaning is choice (Halliday, 1978b:137).(Carl Bache, Grammatical Choice and Communicative Motivation: A Radical Systemic Approach. Systemic Functional Linguistics: Exploring Choice, ed. by Lise Fontaine, Tom Bartlett, and Gerard OGrady. Cambridge University Press, 2013)

Toyotas Strategy and Initiative in Europe Case Study

Toyotas Strategy and Initiative in Europe - Case Study Example However, instead of being engaged in price competition, companies are scaling down their operations. The uniqueness of Toyota's strategy was that it designed and manufactured locally adapted models. This strategy helped the company to increase sales: "by almost 50 percent from 2000 to 2005. The new strategy paid off financially, too. According to Business Week, the operating profit increased ninefold to $654 million in 2003" (Thompson et al 2008, p. C245). Research and innovation are a part of Toyota's success. The company launched its new car Aygo and "challenged many of its traditional views: the car was specifically designed for the European market and exclusively" (Thompson et al 2008, p. C245). For Toyota, this business decision is multi-dimensional and extremely complex. It is impossible to assume that business decisions even approach rationality, let alone perfect rationality. Toyota has to make complex decisions and, because of the multi-dimensionality of their decision conditions, they make many decisions (Annual Report Toyota 2008). Product adaptability and outsources are also key success factors. Today's consumer has a tremendous number of choices. Most of the products are complex and many of them have additives, preservatives, and other chemicals. Some of them are dangerous. Many of them have hazardous long-term effects. It is virtually impossible for the modern consumer to be rational and maximizing. Normal average consumers are typically confused and have difficulty making satisfactory decisions. Even though they may have the capability to evaluate functional product attributes in a rational manner, they lack the time and motivation to do so (Annual Report Toyota 2008). Global expansion and penetration to the North American market improves Toyota's position on the market "For 2006 Toyota was expected to reach 9 million units in production-with luxury brand Lexus reaching the 500,000 units mark for the first time (up from 400,000 units in 2004)" (Thompson et al 2008, p. C246). Toyota follows growth strategies based on the idea that expansion and market development will help it to attract new customers. According to its Annual repot: "Toyota expects to record net sales of 2,000.0 billion ahead of schedule for the fi scal year ending March 31, 2008" (Annual Report 2008, p. 3). The global car market is not only very complex but also not quite open for entry. Investment in research and development improve its position and increase opportunities on the global scale (Financial Results. Presentations 2008). 2. SWOT analysis shows that there is a strong correlation between successful strategies and direction selected by the company and its financial performance. The main strength is stable position on the market and loyal consumers. Financial statements highlight that in 2007 Toyota has increased its sales in 4.7% in comparison with 2006. Its operation income increased in 17.3% and income before income taxes and minority interests increased in 29.2 %. The net income is $40,309 million (2007) in comparison with 30,268 million in 2006 (see Appendix 1, 2). The main opportunity for Toyota is growth. Growth up until the 1990s meant expanding productive capabilities and market opportunities and making sure that this growth would yield better

Evidence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evidence - Research Paper Example In certain cases it can be essential to withhold convinced evidence from the protection in order to save the basic rights of another person or to protect a significant public interest. â€Å"Disclosure is one of the most important issues in the criminal justice system and the application of proper and fair disclosure is a vital component of a fair criminal justice system† (Attorney General’s Guidelines on Disclosure, par.1). In the criminal law there is a responsibility for taking an action in order to give the full revelation of all the applicable data in its possession. The extent of this obligation is decided by the ideas of constitutional which has its due procedure in addition to the requirements of the constitution. The criminal duty of revelation and the civil idea of detection are two totally distinct actions and they exist for various reasons. In summery cases there is no right to disclosure. What is the purpose of this? The rules under evidence should be inter preted in order to administer all proceedings in a fair manner, eliminate all unwarrantable delays and expenses, and helping the growth of evidence law by finishing and determining the fact of protecting a just determination. In a criminal case, the court can accept evidence provided that it shows someone, except the defendant as a source of the injury and the other physical evidences. The court may accept the evidence of victims provided by the defendant in order to prove the approval or if provided by the prosecutor and the evidences whose rejections it will violate are the defendant’s legal rights. â€Å"In a civil case, the court may admit evidence offered to prove a victim’s sexual behavior or sexual predisposition if its probative value substantially outweighs the danger of harm to any victim and of unfair prejudice to any party† (Federal Rules of Evidence par.3). The court may admit the evidence of a victim’s reputation only if the victim has place d it in controversy. What are the penalties for failing to do so? According to the laws with respect to disclosure of evidence, the courts have taken a strict view. It leads to the exclusion of the evidence. Even in the cases where the failure to disclose evidence was not intentional or malafide, the courts have used the rule in a strict manner. Therefore, the litigants are always well advised to reveal all the potential evidence and supplement all the needed discovery and disclosures in order to avoid the likelihood of having their evidence being excluded. â€Å"On the other hand, for litigants who have been prejudiced by their opponents’ failure to disclose, Rule 37(c) offers a remedy to offset the disadvantage of unfair surprise† (Stockholm par.2). If any person fails in giving information or identifying a witness, the person will not be allowed to make use of that witness or information in order to supply evidence on a motion, at a trial, or at a hearing until and unless the failure is proved to be harmless or justified. What is exclusionary rule? The exclusionary rule is a principle in law in the United States which comes under the Constitutional law which says that the evidence gathered and analyzed if it violates the constitutional rights of the defendant, it will be inadmissible in a court of law for a criminal prosecution. This rule was formulated by the judiciary

Regulations for Care of Child with Disability

Regulations for Care of Child with Disability Heidi Walding The legal and regulatory requirements in place for children with disabilities or specific requirements are that all children should be treated fairly and lawfully within school or any social setting. This includes; direct discrimination, which means refusing a child access to a setting or environment due to a condition and/or disability. Indirect discrimination occurs when only helping certain children, such as providing a lesson in the English language, knowing there is a child in your setting that does not understand English, or giving a lesson that is completely oral when a child may have a hearing impairment and not putting in place the correct provisions to help that individual. Discrimination due to disability is not allowing a child to; for example, join in a Physical Education lesson due to the extra time it may take to allow them to change into the appropriate clothing, and maybe someone’s time to help them do this. This may lead to a child having fewer opportunities and disallows the promotion of inclusion. The Equality Act 2010 ensures additional protection from discrimination for children with any disability. This gives a child with and disability the same acce ss within schools, nurseries and social environments equal opportunities. The S.E.N Code of Practice promotes values of each individual. This gives guidance to schools to promote equal opportunities and inclusion for any child with a disability within any setting. This code of practice should be put into place at the earliest opportunity, as it enables a child with any disability to fit in and progress at the same pace as their peers. The main principles are that all children’s needs are met. They also should be met within the mainstream school environment. The views of these children are incredibly important, and we should listen and understand their thoughts and feelings. Parents also have a vital role to play, without their input, ideas, beliefs and understanding of their own children, we cannot give a child a balanced education. The United Nations Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a human rights treaty that confirms the rights of people with disabilities. It states that it is important that people with any disability should have equal rights as people without a disability. People without disabilities do face barriers but the need to reduce these barriers is of vital importance. Article seven of the Convention related only to children and these measures must be taken. Children with disabilities can participate fully and equally with their peers with great enjoyment. When considerin g an intervention, the interests of the child should be paramount. All children should have the right to express their views on issues that affect them and should be taken seriously. It is important to work inclusively with children with disability or special requirements because the medical model disempowers children as it sees the children with a disability to have an illness and a need to be cured. This is not inclusive practice. The social model is a different view, stating that all children, with or without disability, have the same rights and feelings. Discrimination of disabled people is created by the attitudes of the society we live in. It states that we must ensure inclusive practice within any setting. We must have respect for all children and their interests and show them empathy. This will ensure these children are empowered. Children and their families need to feel safe and secure and thus enables them to feel respected. Empathy is often mistaken for sympathy. For children to feel empowered enables them to feel independent and responsible for themselves. To help a child with a disability to feel included, we need to make them feel important and welc ome. Using body language as much as possible to ensure this is understood. Being positive and listening to their hobbies, interests and needs helps the child understand that they are included and important to others. Discrimination is not part of inclusion and should be dealt with in a sensitive, correct manner. The benefits of working in partnership with parents and other professionals are that it enables us, as professionals to draw on parental knowledge of their child. They are the best source of knowledge regarding their child on a day to day basis. Parental knowledge helps us to focus on a child’s strengths. It enables us to understand a child’s personality and feelings, likes and dislikes. Parents should therefore have full access to the support we can offer and are always given any documentation before any meeting. Before the appointment, we should consider any barriers, such as language barriers. It is important we are flexible with appointments for meetings. It is also extremely important that we share our knowledge of other agencies, such as physiotherapists or speech and language therapists with parents so they can gain the best care and support for their child. We need to build a good partnership with parents and outside agencies. This enables us to work together to form a relationship and a firm understanding of that is needed for each individual case. It is a requirement that in each setting there is a member of staff who is at the core of these relationships. This person is usually a SENCO (Special Educational Needs Coordinator). Practitioners can adapt their existing practice to support children with disabilities or specific requirements by adapting and adjusting the surroundings that a child with a disability is accessing. This enables a child to participate fully in lessons and activities. If this is not put in place, it can cause a child to feel isolated. Sometimes this can mean adjusting access to a building or the layout of a classroom or equipment. Practitioners should ensure that all resources used are age and stage appropriate. For example, if a child has a visual impairment, the positioning of the furniture would need to be looked at, and changed, such as moving their seating within the classroom or never moving furniture a child is familiar with. Children with disabilities need to be able to communicate efficiently with their peers and teachers. Having a support teacher in place can help with these problems. Keeping a classroom or setting familiar enables the child to feel included, safe and confident. As professionals, we need to ensure we do not reflect on our own negative ideas and attitudes. We must challenge these attitudes to ensure each child with a disability is treated equally and fairly. We need to understand that children with some disabilities may n eed extra support with personal care, such as fastening buttons or washing hands after toileting. Some children will struggle with expressing how they need to are unable to make choices independently. In this instance, photographs or cards would help them in this situation. Children with disabilities may need help from their peers to ensure they navigate around an area safely and also keep an area free from hazards, such as the classroom floor. If an activity is either too easy or too hard, it can discourage a child and they may begin to lose confidence, so keeping resources available that are age and stage appropriate is of great importance.

Road Carnage in Africa

Hot Topic Road accidents (Carnage) in Kenya. How organizations can contribute to address this imminent Human and Economic crisis. Table of Contents 1. Introduction to road accidents in Kenya2 2. The main issues with road accidents5 3. Other subsidiary issues7 4. The effect of road accidents to businesses and the economy 8 5. Prepare to manage road safety challenges in an organisation 10 6. Dealing with ethical and legal issues 13 7. Future implications if issue is not addressed 15 8. Bibliography17 1. Introduction Last year, 1 day before Christmas day, the Kenya Traffic police led by the Police Commissioner, Mr Mathew Iteere launched yet another National Road Safety Campaign aimed at curbing road accidents during the holidays and cutting the holiday period road accidents rate by 50% from the tradition high of 200-300 accidents that happen during that period from 24 December to 5 January (Daily Nation, 24th December 2009). In his Christmas message, The Police Commissioner regretted that most road accidents in Kenya can be avoided (even eliminated). He noted that road accidents are mainly caused by carelessness (human error and poor judgement) y road users. He singled out over-speeding, over-loading, none use of the safety belts and disregard of the Highway Code as the most abused traffic rules today. In his widely televised message, he issued a warning to careless drivers and directs the traffic police (blue boys) to act on those that abuse the traffic rules. Such a road safety crackdown is not new in the 46-year old post- independence Kenya. But those actions should be strengthened and be made into routine practices that have a longer timeframe enabling one to build the much needed sustainability. It’s a widely known fact worldwide that road accidents cost huge amount of money let alone the lost human resources especially to the developing and undeveloped economies (WHO & World Bank report, 2004). The combined human and economic cost is simply not acceptable to poor countries that want to boost the standard of living of their majority population with very scarce resources. According to a recent report done jointly by the World Bank and the World Health Organisation (WHO) on road traffic injury prevention, road accident statistics are quickly becoming the global catastrophe as shown below. 1. 2 million People are estimated to die globally each year on our roads. That’s around 3,000 deaths daily of which 500 of them are children. ? 50 million people are estimates to be injured globally on road injuries each year, 15 million seriously. ? Developing countries account for more that 85% of the global death toll from road traffic crashes or accidents. ? The global finan cial cost of road traffic injuries is about 518 billion USD each year (about 2-4% of GDP). Such is cost is equivalent to 50% of the GDP of Africa the continent (Kenya Statistics, 2004). For males aged 15-44, road traffic injuries rank second (after HIV/AIDS) as the leading cause of premature death and ill health worldwide. ? By 2020, unless action is taken, road traffic injuries are predicted to rise to about 80% in low and middle income countries especially developing countries (WHO and World Bank report, 2004). Clearly, it is as difficult to accurately determine the economic burden of Africa's road traffic accidents, as it is to collate accident data in the first place. There are the problems of under-reporting to contend with, as well as different countries adopting different criteria e. . defining a road traffic accident fatality (Odero & Heda, 2003). Some countries define a fatality as one occurring on the scene, others for periods of 24 hours, three days or 30 days after the e vent (Bamburi Cement, 2009). Today road accidents are Africa's third biggest killer, after Malaria and HIV/AIDS (WHO & World Bank, 2004): Africa's roads are the most dangerous in the world, but with a growing awareness of the true cost of road accidents, initiatives are underway to dramatically improve their safety. Road traffic accidents are known to be a major cause of death and disability throughout the developing world, but nowhere is the problem as acute as sub-Saharan Africa. Bad roads, aged vehicles and lax regulations are all considered major contributing factors to Africa's road fatality and accident numbers, themselves three times as great as the continent's share of motor vehicles. It’s this nationally critical issue that we want to study and propose urgent remedial actions for organisations as well as non-governmental organisations operating in Kenya. . The main issues with road accidents in Kenya The key issues with the road accidents and road injuries in Kenya are not new. For our literature review, Kenya has had a long history of road safety initiatives that have not lived to deliver the much needed breakthrough results. In 1979 a National Road Safety project was initiated and implemented with funding from the Finnish government, though few results can be seen 30 years late r (Kenya Roads Board, 2009). Kenya looses about 3,000 persons every year through road accidents annually. About 13,000 people are injured of which 6,000 are seriously injured and need long term medical treatment (Saidi & Kahoro, 2001). Most of the people who die on road accidents are vulnerable road users. These include pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists (Kenya Police, Traffic department). The majority of most of the people losing their lives are the young people, young graduates who provide the much needed skills and human resources base the country and organisations are in dire need of. A common question not asked is why educate and train a professional for over 16 years, then lose him / her on the road just before he can be useful to the country or a business organisation. First, after a critical review on all road safety initiatives in Kenya, we find 3 main issues that we believe clearly explain the poor road safety record for the past 20-30 years. 1. What to do – we know what to do, but we have trouble implementing it 2. Implementation – the challenge with implementation is due to lack of capacity at 4 main levels †¢ Inadequate Human resources Inadequate Financial resources †¢ Lack of knowledge †¢ Lack of political will 3. Collaboration – Is it then possible to build a Private Public Sector Partnership Program (PPSPP) which will implement road safety measures that can make a difference to the nation and make Kenyan roads a safer place for our children and the future generation? Secondly, the economic cost to the country is inde ed very significant (WHO & World Bank, 2004). As noted earlier, the average cost of the road accidents and resulting injuries is about 2-4% of GDP per annum. In 2009, the IMF assessed the Kenya economy GDP to be about 30 billion USD, a 2% cost per annum will translate to 600 million USD (estimated about 50 billion Kenya Shillings in one single year). It’s not doubt that such colossal amount of wasted expenditure only comes second to the annual recurrent expenditure allocated in the annual budget to Education and Health budgets (Ministry of Finance, 2008). Such a burden has huge implication on the ability of the economy to meet its needs from meagre resources that are available for nation building. Thirdly, we have a public sector that does not see road transport and accidents as a key issue as long as it does not affect them or their families. This perspective does undermine any tangible progress in road safety initiatives as it’s created no sense of ownership on role as a general public (Kenya Police, Traffic department). 3. Other issues on road accidents in Kenya While the main issues have been addressed under section (3) above, the other issues that must be addressed include the following; ? Lack of a clear policy on road transport (review of the old traffic act is now mandatory). A clear policy will create guidelines to administer and manage the road safety roadmap. ? Poor enforcement of existing traffic rules particularly by the enforcement officers, mainly the traffic police. ? Rampant corruption within the traffic department. Corruption is perhaps the single largest bottleneck to enforcing the traffic rules and does in a way create an impunity culture for PSV drivers on our roads today (Transparency International, Kenya chapter, 2008). ? Lack of a clear ownership between the public sector and the private sector on the framework to deal with road carnage. A guideline which included an approved curriculum on training and licencing of all types of drivers. ? How to develop an axis to mobilise the public to take care and protect their lives and those of other road users. 4. The effect of road accidents to organisations Our research shows that road accidents do not respect any business entities, indeed their implications transverse all business organisations. B oth private and public institutions face the full blunt of road carnage in different ways as shown below; ? Loss of critical human resources and talents in organisations The primary age group heavily impacted by the road accidents are the young people between the ages of 15 – 44. This is usually the young professional age group that provides the much needed human resources in organisations. Road accidents take away the much needed source of talent as well as the future leaders in organisations (WHO & World Bank, 2004). ? Higher direct cost of doing business in the country Loss of lives through accidents results in increased business costs, organisations face both short term and long term treatment and medical expenses. The severe injuries require more long term medical costs that result in increased medical premiums and medical costs for an organisation. On the other hand, the lost man-hours cannot easily be compensated especially in the case of a fully trained, qualified and proficient staff member. ? Higher indirect cost of doing business compared to other countries In modern day settings, injuries to family members created more demand for employees, particularly if an employee’s relative suffers injuries after an accident. Such strain impacts on employee’s morale and ability to dedicate all his abilities to get his / her work done. In addition, accidents results in increases cost of road transport (through higher insurance premiums, higher fuel consumption and delays due to traffic congestion after accidents). The business partner involved in an accident has increased cost of losing an asset, which in most cases is indirectly passed onto the organisations. For government organisations e. g. public health hospitals (Kenyatta National Hospital), higher accident victims results in higher operating expenses which have to be funded by the central government through increase of taxes on an annual basis. Unpredictable business planning Businesses rely on predictable business environment to remain profitable and continue with their operations (Kumar & Subramanian, 2000, p. 1). Road accidents hinder the predictability of the business environment through delayed delivery timeliness and increased turn-around time for organisations. In nearly all cases, these additional costs must be paid for in full by the organisations i n question, resulting to lost productivity, efficiency and profitability. 5. How can organisations better manage the road safety challenge When we talked to a number of organisations in Nairobi, we notice how heavily they have invested in state of art security and alarm systems to protect their assets (money, machines, organisational documents, policies, trademarks and patents etcetera), but few if any have developed even a simple structure to safeguard the safety of their employees while on the road. It’s important to also include human resources as a critical resource for the organisation. A great proportion of companies have not developed sound plans to safeguard their most important asset (human resources), especially when they are on the road travelling while on the Job. While road safety from the office to work is largely seen as an issue for the employee to manage, it’s paramount that organisations and their management teams provide a clear framework to provide their employees with a road safety roadmap that will enhance their vigilance while on the road to and from work. People are the greatest asset an organisation can have today. Good employees are a source of competitive advantage for an organisation (Samson & Daft, 2009). A glimpse of the few organisations that have designed an effective road safety program in Kenya today especially, petroleum companies (e. g. Total Kenya and Bamburi Cement) highlights about 5 step action plan to set an effective road safety roadmap. Each organisation needs a clear roadmap which if well implemented and incorporated in the organisation systems, will lead to improvement of safety in most of our roads today and safe companies lost man hours, sick leave, absenteeism and higher medical bills. 1. Collect data At the beginning, the organisation should assess its specific road safety context by collecting road accident statistics (road fatalities, lost time injuries, medical injuries, and first-aid injuries) and define what is measurable. The data collected should then be analysed into critical information to aid in decision making. Second the organisation should define a road safety policy with clear milestones and key objectives to be monitored on a monthly basis. A regular and consistent monitoring mechanism should be designed by the organisation, to review its progress of its road safety objective. 2. Develop a road safety plan A road safety roadmap is a mandatory document for any organisation committed to ending the carnage on our roads today. The roadmap should be a well neat and elaborate plan of action on what the organisation wants to do in improving its road safety commitment and objectives. These action plans must address the challenges on policy, enforcement, ownership, and training and self renewal priorities for the organisation. 3. Resource the road safety plan A plan is ineffective without key resources being allocated to it. The organisation should identify and sufficiently allocate two main types of resources; (1) Financial resources and (2) Human resources (competent and well trained resources. . Launch urgent interventions A key lever for a road safety action plan is to address current major gaps with immediacy to build legitimacy in the roadmap. The key areas that require immediate intervention are on;- ? Speed ? Impaired driving ? Seat belts ? Helmets ? Road mapping ? Defensive driving training ? Emergency preparedness 5. Collaborate with others Finally the organisation should plan to share its best practi ces with other institutions as a way to benchmark performance and renew its practices both on local, regional and international levels. With increased collaboration and partnership with the public sector, with a shared vision, the challenge of the road accidents and injuries will be addressed head-on by all stakeholders hence creating a sustainable avenue to address this great challenge facing organisations in the 21st century. 6. Ethical and Legal Issues The key challenges towards realising an effective road safety program in any organisation is how candid data collected or observed will be shared across the organisations so that corrective actions (that may include sanctioning) can be applied. Most of the major changes in safety awareness remain with our culture (way of doing things here) or on changing individual behaviour and taking a personal commitment to protecting other people lives. Some of the common ethical dilemmas that managers face include the following; ? Can i report the Chief Executive, Senior Managers or a friendly colleague who i noted did not adhere to the company’s guidelines e. g. driving while speaking on mobile phone on the road? Will this affect my career or my relationship with my supervisor? Can staff be required to use the Alco-blow to detect the influence of alcohol (though this is not yet legalised in Kenya)? ? Can staff carry out safety initiatives away from the office e. g. monitor staff travelling for a weekend to upcountry and are not wearing seat belts? ? Can we terminate an employee who does not comply with the organisations code of conduct on safety? ? Should i disclose an accident or should i bribe the traffic policeman to be left scot-free. A reported accident my injure my career opportunities and limit subsequent promotion changes in future. On the legal side, the main challenge remains how to deal with corruption (so called white lies) both within and outside the organisation. ? Internally, this may not be a great issue as staff can be directly sanctioned in the line with staff standing instructions and their employment contract. ? However, externally the issue with corruption (rather falsification of accident information so as not be appear guilty) is a major setback for enforcing a successful road safety roadmap. According to Transparency International, the police department has year after year been rated as the most corrupt institution in Kenya. Can they be relied upon to book violation of a driver, pedestrian or other road user fairly and equitably? This remains a key component that requires constant collaboration and use of other tools e. g. global positioning systems (GPS) to address rampant cases of cheating on the part of employees (Transparency International, Kenya chapter report, 2008). 7. Conclusion In conclusion, there is no doubt that road accidents results in huge human and economic cost to our relatively poor country (WHO & World Bank, 2004). The lives that are lost on our roads every year are critical to achieve the economic objectives of the country and organisations as well. Similarly the country has to save money to be spent towards treating road injury victims rather than providing such much needed funds to other areas of economic growth e. g. to fund projects like free primary education (FPE), improve our road network (build and repair our roads) and provide the much needed medical facilities in public hospitals (equip public hospital better). As a country we cannot afford to lose 2% of annual GDP (about KShs 50 billion) on road accidents, related injuries and long term medical treatment to accident victims. If accidents can be avoided, these resources can be allocated to other critical areas of the economy and organisations can be able to improve their productivity and become more responsible citizens. The medium term impact on the economy is indeed catastrophic and as a country we will not be able to meet our vision 2030 to becoming an industrialised nation. It’s time for all Kenya, young and old to participate to improve their safety standards in our roads and make Kenya a safer country for our children future. As a nation we owe this to the future generations of this country. As noted by the World Bank and the World Health Organisation in 2004, unless action is taken, by the year 2020, road traffic injuries are predicted to rise to about 80% in low and middle income countries (developing countries). Our country will not be spared if it does not take immediate and more radical actions to manage the road safety issue. At today’s road accident frequency rate, road accidents will become the 2nd largest cause of death after Malaria in Kenya by the year 2020 and surpass HIV/AIDS as the 2nd largest killer (WHO & World Bank, 2004). This is confirms our recommendation that as a country we are sitting on a time bomb. Today is the time for you and me to develop our solid action plan, put these actions into practice and contribute towards improving the safety in our roads. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. WHO & World Bank. (2004). World report on road traffic injuries prevention. Accessed on 4 January 2010 from http://www. ho. in/violence-injury-prevention. html 2. The Kenya Roads Board. Road accident statistics (2009). Accessed on 4 January 2010 from http://www. krb. go. ke. html 3. Bamburi Cement limited. Road safety campaign â€Å"Epuka Ajali† (2009). Accessed on 31 December 2009 from http://www. bamburicement. co. ke. html 4. Kenya Police. Traffic department. Accessed on 4 January 2010 from http://www. ken yapolice. go. ke. html 5. Kenya Statistics. (2004. ) Accessed on 4 January 2010 from http://www. unicef. org/infobycountry/kenya-statistics. html 6. Odero, W. K. & Heda, P. M. (2003). Road traffic injuries in Kenya, magnitude, causes and status of intervention. Inj Control saf promotion, Mar-June 10 (1-2). Pg 53-61 7. Saidi, H. S. & Kahoro, P. (2001). Experience with road traffic accidents violations at the Nairobi Hospital. East Africa Medical Journal, 78 (8). Pg 41-44 8. Samson, D & Daft, R. D. (2009). Fundamentals of Management. 3rd Asia Pacific Ed. Pg 170-206. 9. Kumar, K. & Subramanian, R. (1998). Navigating the External Environment. SAM Advanced management journal. Retrieved December 14, 2009 from HighBeam Research: http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1P1-5377780. html